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Head in the clouds
11 pages
Head in the clouds1 / 11
Lecture 1: What is an emotion?
Kassin, Fein & Markus (11th ed.) Ch. 3 (p. 62–64, 89–91), Ch. 4 (p. 110–113) · Meston & Frohlich · Dutton & Aron (1974)
IN SHORTEmotions are goal-relevant reactions with three faces: behaviour, feeling and body. Whether arousal becomes fear, anger or attraction depends on the label your mind gives it, and that label can be wrong.
1.1What is an emotion?
Emotions are experiences that occur when we regard our situation as relevant to our active personal goals. It is a mental state caused by stimuli, characterised by three kinds of change:
- Our behaviour, how we act.
- Our subjective experience, how we feel.
- Our physiology, how the systems of the body function.
The most prominent behaviours are facial expressions. Their perception is comparable across cultures; their expression is not, because of display rules.
1.2Emotion versus mood, and arousal
- Emotion
- Short-lived, with a clear target.
- Mood
- Long-lasting, with no target.
- Arousal
- The state of being activated, such as a raised heart rate or sweating.
1
100%
NOTE · P. 1ESC
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arousalGLOSSARY
The state of being activated, physiologically or psychologically: a raised heart rate, sweating.
Still learningKnow it
Practice
Short rounds of questions, picked from what you still need to learn.
Emotions differ from moods in two ways. Which pair is right?
Short-lived, with a clear target
Long-lasting, with no target
How sure?SureNot sure
You were sure, so this one is a priority. It will come back around.
Mock exams
The real exam, before the real exam. Same length, same clock, same grading.
Midterm 102:10
Question 1 of 8no notes
12345678
Time!6 of 8 right
A4Real pages. Page 4 on screen is page 4 on paper.
24/7Study when it suits you, on any device.
8 · 12 · 20Questions per practice round. You choose.
5.5Mock exams are graded the way your faculty grades.
Read it like paper. Use it like software.
The lecture summary is a booklet of A4 sheets on a lit desk. Highlight a passage and the note sits beside it. Point at a term and the definition opens. Zoom in and the page grows around your cursor.
Head in the clouds
11 pages
Head in the clouds1 / 11
Lecture 1: What is an emotion?
Kassin, Fein & Markus (11th ed.) Ch. 3 (p. 62–64, 89–91), Ch. 4 (p. 110–113) · Meston & Frohlich · Dutton & Aron (1974)
IN SHORTEmotions are goal-relevant reactions with three faces: behaviour, feeling and body. Whether arousal becomes fear, anger or attraction depends on the label your mind gives it, and that label can be wrong.
1.1What is an emotion?
Emotions are experiences that occur when we regard our situation as relevant to our active personal goals. It is a mental state caused by stimuli, characterised by three kinds of change:
- Our behaviour, how we act.
- Our subjective experience, how we feel.
- Our physiology, how the systems of the body function.
The most prominent behaviours are facial expressions. Their perception is comparable across cultures; their expression is not, because of display rules.
1.2Emotion versus mood, and arousal
- Emotion
- Short-lived, with a clear target.
- Mood
- Long-lasting, with no target.
- Arousal
- The state of being activated, such as a raised heart rate or sweating.
1
100%
NOTE · P. 1ESC
CancelSave
arousalGLOSSARY
The state of being activated, physiologically or psychologically: a raised heart rate, sweating.
Still learningKnow it
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arousalThe state of being activated, physiologically or psychologically: a raised heart rate, sweating.
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1 Head in the clouds
1.1What is an emotion?
1.2Emotion versus mood
1.3Social comparison
2 Obstacles
3 I Say…
Written for your exact course
Every summary follows your lecturer’s order and points to the exact pages the exam is based on.
Kassin, Fein & Markus (11th ed.)
Ch. 3 · p. 62–64, 89–91
Ch. 4 · p. 110–113
Dutton & Aron (1974)
Ch. 3 · p. 62–64, 89–91
Ch. 4 · p. 110–113
Dutton & Aron (1974)
Practice that knows what you still need.
Every question asks one extra thing: were you sure? A confident wrong answer becomes a priority. A lucky right answer comes back once more. The queue reorders itself from those two signals.
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- Wrong answers become a queue. Home shows them as "Worth clearing first" with the gold mark that means "assembled from your own answers".
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DefinitionsApplicationAnalysisCalculationChoosing the methodReading an exhibitWorking from a caseNegatively wordedJudging statementsPutting things in order
The ten labels. A question carries several and exactly one leads. They say what you have to do, not what the question is about.
Two students are discussing. Student A says: "I run away, and because my heart is pounding I know that I am afraid." Student B says: "My heart is pounding, I see that it is a bear and so I label this as fear." Which difference are they putting forward?
ACannon-Bard theory (A) against James-Lange theory (B)
BBasic emotions (A) against complex emotions (B)
CThe role of cognitive evaluation, James-Lange (A) against Schachter-Singer (B)
DExcitation transfer (A) against misattribution (B)
How sure are you?SureNot sure
I don't knowCheck
Not quite
You were sure, so this one is a priority. It will come back around.
With James-Lange the emotion follows from the perceived bodily reaction; with Schachter-Singer the cognitive evaluation of the situation determines which emotion arises.
From lecture 1
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It learns how you learn.
Every answer lands on one cell: the lecture it came from and the label it carried. The map fills in as you work, and the next session is drawn from the palest cells.
DefinitionsApplicationAnalysisCalculationMethodExhibitCaseNegativeStatementsOrder
Paler is less proven. Empty is unmeasured, which is not zero.Next Smart Session
12 drawn from the palest cells, weighted by Focus (1.6 / 1 / 0).
Two axes, one cell
Lecture times label. A wrong answer dings every label the question carries; the leading label is what your results page is partitioned on.
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A question nobody has answered reads exactly neutral. The estimate is shrunk toward neutral until the evidence supports a stronger claim, and your own answer never inflates your own mastery move.
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A lever on every lecture. Focus weights the draw at 1.6, Normal at 1, Skip at 0 and takes the lecture out of readiness. The syllabus order never changes.
PersonalizedRecommended
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Classic
Full control, every Personalized feature switched off. Still recorded, just not steered. Switch any time in Settings.
Midterm
Social Psychology · Midterm 1
11:58
SubmitQUESTION 7 OF 8Mark for review
After an hour of scrolling through Instagram, Ilse feels worse about her own life, whereas after an evening posting and chatting with friends she was in good spirits. Which combination of mechanisms best explains the difference?
AActive use elicits downward comparison, passive use activates the recency effect
BPassive use exposes her to upward comparison and to the flattering self-presentation of others
CPassive use lowers her physiological arousal, so no cognitive label is available
DActive use strengthens the malleable self, making her self-concept unstable
Nothing is marked or revealed until you submit. Your answers save as you go, so a dropped connection does not cost you the paper.
123456785 of 8 answered
Hand in the paper?
7 of 8 answered, 1 marked for review. The clock has 11 minutes left. You cannot change answers after this.
Keep goingHand in
7.5/ 10
6 of 8 correct. The cesuur for this paper anchors 55% at a 5.5, the same curve the faculty applies to the real exam.
Working from a case2/2
Definitions2/2
Application2/3
Negatively worded0/1
grade = 5.5 + 4.5 × (s − C) / (M − C)
C = 0.55 × 8 = 4.4 · s = 6 · M = 8 → 7.5
C = 0.55 × 8 = 4.4 · s = 6 · M = 8 → 7.5
The real exam, before the real exam.
A mock exam is a sitting. The paper is modelled on the faculty's own: the same number of questions, the same time, nothing revealed until you hand in.
- The clock hands it in for you. When it reaches zero the paper is submitted with whatever you answered by then, exactly like the room.
- Graded on the cesuur. The pass mark anchors at 5.5, guess correction included where the faculty applies it. The number you see is the number you would have got.
- Results by label. Two out of two on definitions and zero on negatively worded questions is a different afternoon of work than “75%”.
- Scored on what you sat. If an author corrects a question tomorrow, your paper is still marked against the key that was on screen today.
See yourself getting ready.
A streak that survives a Tuesday off. A weekly goal in hours, measured against the hours you actually put in. Mastery by course, with the readiness ring on the course page climbing since week one.
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Never6 questions you got wrong · your weakest lecture · you are behind
InsteadWorth clearing first · still learning · not yet
12days in a row
You are on track today.
21LONGEST
3Lectures finished
78%Practice accuracy
4h20Studied this week
342Questions answered
August 202626 days answered
MTWTFSS123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
Weekly goal72%
4h20 of your 6 hour goal.
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Do the page numbers really match the printed summary?
Yes. The reader cuts a lecture into A4 sheets by measuring what fits, with the same numbers the print uses, and it never reflows a page to fit your window. Page 4 of 11 on your phone is page 4 of 11 on the desk.
What if a question is wrong?
There is a report flag on every question and in the reader's contents panel. Reports go to a triage queue in the Hub, and a question whose statistics look wrong is shadowed automatically overnight, so it stops being drawn before anyone has even read the report.
Can I switch the adaptive parts off?
Yes. Classic mode turns off the diagnostic, Smart Sessions, the review queue and the confidence toggle. Practice still records your attempts so you can switch back later without losing anything.
Where do my notes and highlights go?
To the notebook, which is yours across courses. A note written in the reader and one written in the notebook are the same document, with the same formatting, so nothing is lost moving between them.
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